Simple terms explainer:

Councils can choose to build, maintain, and equip public toilets and provision usually depends on factors like local demand, available funding, and wider priorities. Tourist areas, transport hubs, and busy town centres are more likely to be prioritised because of higher footfall and community benefit. Some councils operate public toilets directly, while others use partnerships with businesses or community groups to provide facilities. These arrangements can include “comfort schemes” where local cafés, pubs, or shops allow public access to their toilets, often supported by small grants or promotional benefits. In some cases, community-led initiatives or charities step in to maintain facilities where council provision has been reduced.